14 環境保全と保護区

関連法規と官庁

Related law and government office

近年、人間の活動が環境に与える影響は、資源再生産および廃棄物浄化に必要な面積を指標として比較されています。この指標によれば、アラビア半島諸国では世界平均の2.5から6.5倍です。 土地問題、生物多様性、海洋保全、水資源対策、大気汚染や固形廃棄物処理等への早急な対策を求められています。アラビア半島では、各国とも法律や担当官庁を整えて対応しようとはしています。しかしながら、イラクによるクウェイト占領時油濁汚染、イエメンの内乱、バハレインの騒乱、オマーンの経済問題等を抱え、思う様には進めるのはなかなか難しい現状です。

In recent years, the impact of human activities on the environment has been compared between the countries and regions, using the area required for resource reproduction and waste purification as an index. According to this indicator, in the Gulf countries (Yemen is included here for convenience.) it is between 2.5 and 6.5 times of its world average. Urgent measures are required to address land issues, biodiversity, marine conservation, water resource measures, air pollution and solid waste disposal, etc. Each Gulf country is trying to respond to them by establishing laws and government offices in charge. However, it is not easy to proceed as expected because of the oil pollution caused by the Iraqi invasion to Kuwait, the civil war in Yemen, the unrest in Bahrain, and the economic problems in Oman.

Law and Office

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野生生物保護区の面積と数

Area and number of wildlife reserves

野生生物保護区の設置は、環境を保全する為の生物種の維持・保全(生物多様性)、固有種の保護や代表的な生息地の維持を主な目的としています。保護区には一部史跡保護区や伝統保護区など文化保護区もあります。それらを含めて、一括して保護区として扱われています。国際自然保護連合(IUCN)の2008年調査では地球表面の11.5%以上が保護区に指定され、さらに急速に増えてます。
アラビア半島には134カ所の主な保護区があります。国土に占める割合はオマーンが14%で、バハレインが9%と続き、アラブ首長国連邦とイエメンが5%程度で、クウェイト3%であり、カタールは1%台です。アラビア半島の7割を占めるサウジアラビアが国土の40%近く(同政府の将来目標は10%程度)を保護区としています。このため、半島全体としては保護区の面積は30%を占めています。下表は国際自然保護連合が2013年に公表している数字です。

The main purpose of the establishment of wildlife reserves is to keep biodiversity of species, to protect endemic species and to maintain representative habitats, in order to conserve the environment and nature. Other than this, there are also cultural reserves, historical reserve and traditional reserves. Reserve generally includes not only for environment and nature reserve, but also for those reserves. According to a 2008 survey by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), more than 11.5% of the Earth’s surface is designated as a reserve area, and it is growing rapidly in its number and size.
There are 134 main environment and nature reserve in the Arabian Peninsula. Oman accounts it for 14% of the country, followed by Bahrain at 9%, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen at around 5%, Kuwait at 3%, and Qatar at 1%. Saudi Arabia, which occupies 70% of the Arabian Peninsula, it for nearly 40% of its country. (The government’s future target is about 10%). Accordingly, the area of the reserve occupies 30% of the Peninsula as a whole. The table below shows figures published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2013.

Area and Number

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サウジアラビアの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Saudi Arabia

サウジアラビアでは1978年から保護区を設け始めました。「野生動物保護・育成国家委員会」が管轄している地区は、15で総面積は853,930平方キロです。沙漠の生態系を代表しているウルク・バニー・マアーリド保護区は、ルブア・ハーリー沙漠の西端で、トゥワイク山脈南端が砂丘帯に飲み込まれる付近に在ります。12,787平方キロの保護区には砂丘列に加えて植生のある涸れ谷や礫沙漠も含んでいます。また、野生のオリックスが見られる最後の場所でもあります。

Saudi Arabia began establishing wildlife reserves in 1978. The district, which is under the jurisdiction of the ” the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development “, is 15 with a total area of 853,93 0 square kilometers. Representing the desert ecosystem, the Uruq Bani Ma’arid Reserve is located at the western end of the Rub’ al Khali Desert, where the southern end of the Tuwaiq Mountains is swallowed up by dune belt. The 12,787-square-kilometer reserve includes vegetation-laden valleys and gravel plain deserts in addition to large dune rows. It is also the last place where wild oryx can be seen pristine by 2010s.

Saudi Protection

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1, 2 & 3. Harrat al-Harrah Protected Area, Al Khanafah (Al-Khunfah) Wildlife Sanctuary, Ibex Reserve Howtha Bani Tamim

Harrat al-Harrah Protected Area, Al Khanafah (Al-Khunfah) Wildlife Sanctuary, Ibex Reserve Howtha Bani Tamim

4. Mahazat As-Sayd Protected Area

Mahazat As-Sayd Protected Area

5. Umm al-Qamari Island Protected Area

6. Al-Tubayq Protected Area

Al-Tubayq Protected Area

7. Farasan Islands Protected Area

Farasan Islands Protected Area

8. Jurf Raydah Protected Area

Jurf Raydah Protected Area

9. Majami al-Hadb Protected Area

Majami al-Hadb Protected Area

10. ‘Uruq Bani Mu’arid Protected Area

‘Uruq Bani Mu’arid Protected Area

11. Nafud Al-Urayq protected area

Nafud Al-Urayq protected area

12. At-Taysiyah Protected Area

At-Taysiyah Protected Area

13. Saja and Umm Ar-Rimth Protected Area

Saja and Umm Ar-Rimth Protected Area

14. Jabal Shada Protected Area

Jabal Shada Protected Area

15. Al-Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary

Al-Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary

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アラブ首長国連邦の野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of United Arab Emirates

アラブ首長国連邦には国際自然保護連(IUCN(the International Union for Conservation of Nature))の公表で19の保護区があり、世界保護地域データベース(WDPA(the World Database on Protected Areas))にも16の保護区が掲載されています。1996年に設立されたアブダビ環境保護庁(the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD))が指導的な役割は担っており、その担当する代表的な保護区は6つで、オマーンとサウジアラビアとの国境に近いウム・アル=ザムールの8,900平方キロを占めるアラビアオリックス保護区ではオリックスが155頭までに増えてます。

United Arab Emirates has 19 protected areas as announced by IUCN, and also 16 protected areas were listed by the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) , established in 1996, has being taken a leading role, with six representative protected areas in charge. Among them, the Um al Zumoul reserve is located near the intersection of the three borders among Saudi Arabia, Oman and the UAE. In this Arabian Oryx Reserve, which occupies 900 square kilometers, the number of oryx has increased to 155 by 2010s.

List of Wildlife sanctuary of United Arab Emirates
Protected Areas in United Arab Emirates

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アブダビ (Abu Dhabi)

1. マラワフ海洋生物圏保護区(Marawah Marine Biosphere Reserve)

Marawah Marine Biosphere Reserve

2. ヤサト海洋保護区(Yasat Marine Protected Area)

Al Yasat Marine Protected Area

3. アル=ワシバ湿地帯保護区(Al Wathba Wetland Reserve)

Al Wathba Wetland Reserve

4. アラビアオリックス保護区(Arabian Oryx Protected Area or Umm Al Zumoul Protected Area)

Arabian Oryx Protected Area (Umm Al Zumoul Protected Area)

5.カスルサラブ保護区(Qasr Al Sarab Protected Area)

Abu Dhabi’s Qasr Al Sarab Protected Area

6. アル=ホウバラ保護区(Al Houbara Protected Area)

Al Houbara Protected Area

7. ブル・シャイーフ海洋保護区( Bul Syayeef MPA)

Bul Syayeef MPA

ドバイ (Dubai)

1. ラアス・アル=ホル(Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary)

Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary

2. ドバイ沙漠環境保護地区(Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve)

Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve

フジャイラ (Fujairah)

1. 涸れ谷ウラヤ国立公園(Wadi Wurayah National Park)

Wadi Wurayah National Park

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イエメンの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Yemen

イエメンにはWDPAで公表されている国立公園1つと、海洋自然公園1つと自然保護区が4つある。イエメンの野生生物保護は環境省環境保護庁(the Environment Protection Agency)が担当しており、代表的な保護区はフダイダから東に70キロ内陸の標高2,000メートルを超える山岳地帯に設けられたブラ山渓谷森林自然公園です。アカシアとミルラ等を含む急峻な斜面の標高に合わせて熱帯、亜熱帯や高山の植物で被われ、乾燥した麓付近では幹が膨らんだビンの樹も生えています。様々な渡り鳥や蝶類、ハイエナ、マントヒヒの大きな群れに、稀ではありますが豹も見られます。

Yemen has one national park listed by the WDPA, one marine nature park and four nature reserves. Wildlife protection in Yemen is in charge of the Environment Protection Agency The representative reserve is the Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park, located in a mountainous area over 2,000 meters above sea level, 70 kilometers east of Hudaydah. It is covered with tropical, subtropical and alpine plants according to the altitude of steep slopes. Acacia and myrrh are included in those plants. It is Bottle tree (Adenium obesum), that grows near the dry foothills of these mountains. This tree has a unique shape with a bulging trunk. It is not so common but possible to see large flock of various migratory birds, butterflies, hyenas and hamadryas baboons. Although very rare, there is also a chance to encounter leopards.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries of Yemen

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オマーンの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Oman

オマーンの自然保護区は環境・気象省(the Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs)が所管しており、マングローブの栽培、野生樹木の生育促進、ガゼルへの標識取り付け、沿岸管理等様々な活動を通じて生物多様性など多くの保護事業を行っています。その為にオマーン国内に14の保護区を設けられています。アラビア海からの貿易風で潤されるジダット・ ハラーシース礫原の27,500平方キロ(現在は石油開発の為、10%に削減されている)に設けられたアラビアオリックス保護区がオマーンを代表する保護区です。サムハン山保護区ではガゼル、アイベックス、ケープノウサギ等の獲物が見られ、アラビア豹の最後の生息地の1つです。

Oman Nature Reserve is under the control of the Ministry of Environment and Climate. This ministry is in charge of biodiversity conservation projects through various activities such as mangrove cultivation, promotion of the growth of wild trees, attachment of signs to gazelles, coastal management, etc. 14 protected areas have been established in Oman, for this purpose. The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary is one of the Oman’s leading reserves. This sanctuary was set up in the gravel plain named as the Jiddat al Harasis. This plain is relatively moisturized either by the trade wind and monsoon, blowing over the Arabian Sea. It has 27,500 square kilometers of the total area but it has been reduced to 10% now, for the oil exploitation. The Jebal Samhan Reserve is home to prey such as gazelles, ibex, and Cape hares, and is one of the last habitats of Arabian leopards.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries of Oman
Main Protected Areas of Oman

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1. アラビアオリックス保護区(Arabian Oryx Sanctuary)

Arabian Oryx Sanctuary of Oman

2. アッ=サリール自然公園(As Saleel Natural Park)

As Saleel Natural Park

3. ディマニヤット島保護区(Dimanyiat Islands Reserve)

Dimanyiat Islands Reserve

4. サムハン山保護区(Jebal Samhan Reserve)

Jebal Samhan Reserve

5. サラーラ海岸ハウルス保護区(Khawrs Reserves)

Khawrs Reserves

6. クルム自然保護区(Qurum Nature Reserve)

Qurum Nature Reserve

7. ラアス・アル=ハッド海亀保護区(Turtles Reserve)

Ras Al Jinz Turtle Reserve

8. 涸れ谷アッ=サリーン保護区(Wadi As Sarin Reserve)

Wadi As Sarin (Sireen) Reserve

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カタールの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Qatar

Qatarの環境保護は絶滅危惧種の保護と繁殖を含めて環境・自然保護最高会議が担当しています。WDPAによれば、保護区6、繁殖地3で私的な牧場6です。アル=ダヒーラ自然保護区はマングローブの小島と海岸で構成されています。ホル・アル=ウダイド自然保護区は大きな砂丘、サブハ、水路で海とつながる内海、岩沙漠、高まった台地などから構成されています。この保護区は、渡り鳥の中継地であり、ジュゴンやウミガメが生息し、ガゼルが保護されています。

Qatar’s environmental protection is undertaken by the Supreme Council for the Environment and Natural Reserves, including the protection and reproduction of endangered species. According to the WDPA, the protection areas are 6 Reserves, 3 Breeding grounds and 6 Private ranches 6. The Al Dakhira Nature Reserve consists of small mangrove islands and coast. The Khor Al Adaid Natural Reserve consists of large sand dunes, sabkhas, the inland sea connected to the Arabian Gulf by a waterway, rocky deserts and raised plateaus. This reserve is a transit point for migratory birds, a home to dugongs and sea turtles, and a protected area for gazelles.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries of Qatar

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1. ホル・アル=ウダイド自然保護区(Khor Al-Adaid Natural Reserve)

Khawr al Udayd, (خور العديد) (Khor al Adaid and Khor al-‘Udeid)
Khor Al-Adaid Natural Reserve

2. アル=ダヒーラ自然保護区(Al Dakhira Nature Reserve)

Al Dakhira Nature Reserve (Al Thakhira Reserve)

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クウェートの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Kuwait

クウェイトでは野生生物発育係りおよび海洋生物監視係りと共に保護区は、環境公共庁の生物資源部が担当しています。WDPAによればクウェイトには国立公園1、海洋公園3、自然保護区14、科学保護区1、野生生物自然保護区1、公園2およびその他の保護区4があります。代表的な保護区がサバハ・アル=アハマド自然保護区(SAANR)を含むジャル・アッ=ゾル国立公園です。ここでは渡り鳥も多く、さまざまな野鳥が観察でき、沙漠赤狐や大型トカゲのダブも見られます。湾岸戦争で荒廃しましたが、オリックスやガゼルの繁殖計画もあります。

In Kuwait, it is the Conservation of Biodiversity department of the Environment Public Authority Departments, that is in charge of reserves, along with wildlife development and marine life monitoring. According to the WDPA, Kuwait has 1 National Park, 3 Marine Parks, 14 Nature Reserves, 1 Science Reserve, 1 Wildlife Nature Reserve, 2 Parks and 4 other Reserves. A typical reserve is the Jal Az-Zoir inc SAAR National Park, which includes the Sabah al-Ahmad Natural Reserve (SAANR). As there are a lot of migratory birds, various wild birds can be observed together with resident birds. Red foxes and large Dhabb can also be seen, here. Although devastated by the Gulf War, Kuwait is planning to breed oryx and gazelles.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries of Kuwait
Main Protected Areas of Kuwait

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1. ジャル・アッ=ゾル国立公園(Jal Az-Zor inc. SAAR)

Jal Az-Zor inc. SAAR

2. サバハ・アル=アハマド自然公園 (SAANR) (Sabah al-Ahmad Natural Reserve)

SAANR (Sabah al-Ahmad Natural Reserve)

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バハレインの野生生物保護区

Wildlife sanctuary of Bahrain

バハレインは2001年に国民投票で採択した国民行動憲章で野生生物保護、特に固有種の生息地の保護を宣言しています。保護区は環境問題最高諮問会議の下に独立した機関として置かれています。アル=アリーン自然保護区は敷地の約半分が動物園となっており、固有種を含めて種々の動植物が公開されてますが、本来の保護区は2平方キロにも成りません。これに対して沙漠の島々から成るハワール自然保護区は本土から離れています。この保護区は、スコトラ鵜を始め多くの鳥類の生息地や渡りの中継地と成っています。又、島々にはアラビアオリックスや砂ガゼルが生息し、海中はジュゴンの大きな群れ等の保護海域となっています。

Bahrain declared wildlife conservation, particularly the protection of endemic habitats, in its Charter of National Action, adopted in a referendum in 2001. The reserve is an independent body under the Supreme Advisory Council on Environmental Issues. Typical reserves are Al-Areen Sanctuary and Hawar Sanctuary. The Al-Areen Sanctuary is originally less than 2 square kilometers and its half of this area is the zoo park, nevertheless various flora and fauna including endemic species are open to the public. In contrast, the Hawar Sanctuary, which consists of desert islands, is far from the mainland. The reserve is a habitat and transit point for many bird species, including the Socotra cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis). In addition, the islands are inhabited by Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)and Arabian sand gazelles (Gazella marica), and Its sea is a protected area for large numbers of Dugongs.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries of Bahrain

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1. アル=アリーン自然保護区(Al- Areen sanctuary)

Al- Areen sanctuary

2. ハワール自然保護区(Hawar sanctuar)

Al- Areen sanctuary

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